The opposite of relief sculpture is counter-relief, intaglio, or cavo-rilievo, where the form is cut into the field or background rather than rising from it this is very rare in monumental sculpture. The definition of these terms is somewhat variable, and many works combine areas in more than one of them, rarely sliding between them in a single figure accordingly some writers prefer to avoid all distinctions. However, the distinction between high relief and low relief is the clearest and most important, and these two are generally the only terms used to discuss most work. There is also sunk relief, which was mainly restricted to Ancient Egypt (see below).
INTAGLIO VS RELIEF FULL
The full range includes high relief ( alto-rilievo, haut-relief), where more than 50% of the depth is shown and there may be undercut areas, mid-relief ( mezzo-rilievo), low relief ( basso-rilievo), or French: bas-relief ( French pronunciation: ), and shallow-relief or rilievo schiacciato, where the plane is only very slightly lower than the sculpted elements. There are different degrees of relief depending on the degree of projection of the sculpted form from the field, for which the Italian and French terms are still sometimes used in English. Monumental bronze reliefs are made by casting. In other materials such as metal, clay, plaster stucco, ceramics or papier-mâché the form can be simply added to or raised up from the background. On the other hand, a relief saves forming the rear of a subject, and is less fragile and more securely fixed than a sculpture in the round, especially one of a standing figure where the ankles are a potential weak point, particularly in stone. The approach requires a lot of chiselling away of the background, which takes a long time. When a relief is carved into a flat surface of stone (relief sculpture) or wood ( relief carving), the field is actually lowered, leaving the unsculpted areas seeming higher. To create a sculpture in relief is to give the impression that the sculpted material has been raised above the background plane. The term relief is from the Latin verb relevo, to raise. Relief is a sculptural method in which the sculpted pieces are bonded to a solid background of the same material.
Side view of Lorenzo Ghiberti's cast gilt-bronze Gates of Paradise at the Florence Baptistery in Florence, Italy, combining high-relief main figures with backgrounds mostly in low relief
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